History of Asbestos Mining

A Global Timeline of Asbestos Mining

From Ancient Curiosity to Industrial Crisis

Asbestos mining spans more than two millennia. What began as a rare, almost mythical mineral became a cornerstone of global industry—and eventually one of the greatest occupational health disasters in history. 

This timeline traces the rise, peak, and decline of asbestos mining worldwide, showing how geology, empire, industry, and delayed science shaped its legacy.

Ancient World (Before 500 AD): The “Inextinguishable” Mineral

c. 2500 BCE – Ancient Finland & Central Asia

Early cultures mix asbestos fibres into clay pots to improve heat resistance.

Use is rare and local, tied to naturally exposed deposits.

c. 400 BCE – Ancient Greece

Greeks name the mineral asbestos meaning “unquenchable”.

Used in lamp wicks and cremation cloths that resisted fire.

Roman Empire (c. 0–400 AD)

Romans mine asbestos in Cyprus and Italy.

Wealthy Romans use asbestos tablecloths and shrouds.

Early writers note lung sickness in enslaved asbestos workers—one of the first recorded warnings.

Mining remains small-scale and manual.

Medieval Period (500–1500): Curiosity, Not Industry

Asbestos appears in trade routes from Asia and the Mediterranean.

Used in limited quantities for:

Fireproof cloth

Alchemy and ritual objects

No large-scale mining exists. The mineral is rare, expensive, and poorly understood.

Early Industrial Foundations (1700–1850)

1700s – Europe & Russia

Scientific interest grows as mineralogy advances.

Small asbestos deposits identified in the Ural Mountains (Russia).

Early 1800s

Steam power and early industry create demand for:

Heat insulation

Fireproof materials

Mining remains limited but interest accelerates.

Industrial Explosion (1850–1910): Asbestos Goes Global

This period marks the true birth of asbestos mining as a global industry.

Key Developments

Mechanised mining introduced

Open-pit extraction replaces hand collection

Railways allow mass transport

Major Mining Regions Emerge

Canada (1870s)

Huge chrysotile deposits discovered in Quebec.

Canada becomes the world’s largest asbestos producer for decades.

Russia (late 1800s)

Large-scale mining begins in the Ural region.

Italy & Austria-Hungary

Alpine deposits exploited for European industry.

Asbestos is now exported worldwide and embedded into the growing industrial economy.

Early Warnings, Rapid Growth (1910–1930)

Asbestos mining expands rapidly to meet demand from:

Shipbuilding

Power stations

Railways

Construction

Health Milestones

1906: First official death attributed to asbestos exposure (UK).

1920s: Medical journals describe “asbestosis” in miners and factory workers.

⚠️ Despite warnings, mining continues to expand.

Global Peak Expansion (1930–1970): The Asbestos Age

This is the golden age of asbestos mining—and the most damaging.

New Major Producers

South Africa – crocidolite (blue asbestos) and amosite

Zimbabwe

China

Brazil

World War II

Demand surges for:

Naval ship insulation

Military vehicles

Fireproof uniforms

Asbestos becomes essential to modern warfare and post-war rebuilding.

By the 1960s:

Millions of tonnes mined annually

Entire towns built around asbestos mines

Global exposure reaches unprecedented levels

Scientific Reckoning (1960–1985)

1960

Definitive link established between asbestos and mesothelioma.

1960s–70s

Studies confirm links to:

Lung cancer

Pleural disease

Fatal occupational illness

Mining Begins to Decline in Some Regions

Western Europe starts closing mines

Public opposition grows

Worker unions demand protections

However, mining continues aggressively elsewhere.

Bans and Closures (1985–2000)

Major Turning Points

1986 – UK introduces strict asbestos controls

1990s – Many European mines close

1999 – UK and EU ban all asbestos mining and use

Canada

Once the world’s largest producer, Canadian mines struggle politically and economically.

Final asbestos mine closes in 2011.

Uneven Global Decline (2000–2015)

While bans spread across:

Europe

Australia

Japan

Much of South America

Asbestos mining continues elsewhere.

Ongoing Producers

Russia (largest remaining producer)

China

Kazakhstan

Brazil (until late 2010s)

Mining is often justified as “controlled-use chrysotile”.

Modern Era (2015–Present): Legacy and Resistance

Over 60 countries now ban asbestos.

Global production is far lower than peak levels but not zero.

Russia continues large-scale chrysotile mining and export.

At the same time:

Asbestos-related diseases continue rising due to long latency periods.

Former mining regions face contaminated land and public health crises.

Asbestos mining is no longer an expanding industry—it is a legacy industry with long shadows.

Timeline Snapshot

Ancient world – Small-scale, elite use

1800s – Industrial mining begins

1900–1970 – Massive global expansion

1960s – Health risks proven

1980s–1990s – Bans and mine closures in many countries

2000s–today – Mining persists in a few nations; global decline continues

Final Reflection: A Mineral That Outlived Its Moment

Asbestos mining tells a cautionary story. For over a century, extraction continued after harm was known, driven by profit, demand, and denial. Though much of the world has moved on, the consequences of asbestos mining will be felt for generations—through contaminated landscapes, long-term illness, and ongoing remediation.

Understanding this timeline helps explain why asbestos remains such a powerful issue today: the mining stopped far later than it should have.